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Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Unit Catalogue 2002/03 |
PA10001: Medicinal & biological chemistry 1 |
| Credits: 6 |
| Level: Certificate |
| Semester: 1 |
| Assessment: OT100EX |
| Requisites: |
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Aims & Learning Objectives: 1. To familiarise the student with: a) the fundamental principles of atomic structure molecular and intermolecular bonding and functional group recognition. b) the principles of reaction mechanisms in organic and biochemical systems and 2. To illustrate the importance of the 3-dimensional structure in medicinal and biological chemistry. After taking this course the student should be able to a) Demonstrate an understanding of the factors which affect the 3-dimensional shape of molecules b) Identify common functional groups and write suitable reaction mechanisms for their interconversion. c) Recognise structural features responsible for acidity basicity hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic bonding. d) Assign appropriate stereochemical descriptions to organic and biological molecules Content: The topics included in this course include atomic structure and hybridisation with its implications for molecular geometry. Intramolecular covalent bonding. Intermolecular weak bonding; origins and relevance to ligand/receptor and substrate/enzyme binding. Structural factors that affect reactivity. Survey of functional groups and their interconversion at a mechanistic level. Stereochemistry in organic and biological molecules. Central role of the carbonyl group in chemistry and biochemistry. |
PA10003: Cell biology 1 (Cells & their organisation) |
| Credits: 6 |
| Level: Certificate |
| Semester: 1 |
| Assessment: OT100EX |
| Requisites: |
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Aims & Learning Objectives: To introduce the student to the organisation of procaryotic and eucaryotic cells, and to introduce the basic theory and practice of microbiology. After taking this course, the student should be able to (a) demonstrate an understanding of cell structure and function to a level sufficient to enter further cell biology, microbiology and pharmacology units, and (b) carry out basic techniques in microbiology competently and safely. Content: An outline of cellular organisation, structure and function of major organelles and membranes in procaryotic and eucaryotic cells. Subcellular fractionation. Molecular components of cells: sugars, polysaccharides, glycogen, fatty acids, lipids, phospholipids, aminoacids, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids. Introduction to microbiology: basic nomenclature, Gram-positive and -negative envelopes, peptidoglycan, endospores, microbial nutrition. Introduction to bacterial viruses. |
PA10004: Instrumental analysis 1 |
| Credits: 3 |
| Level: Certificate |
| Semester: 1 |
| Assessment: CW100 |
| Requisites: |
| After taking this unit you must take PA10012 |
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Aims & Learning Objectives: To introduce the student to instrumental analytical methods used in a pharmaceutical context and their bases in theory. After taking this course, the student should be able to: (a) demonstrate an understanding of the theoretical backgrounds to thin layer, gas and high performance liquid chromatography and infrared, ultraviolet and visible, fluorescence, flame emission and atomic absorption spectroscopy, and of their scope and limitations, (b) demonstrate a familiarity with the forms in which data from the above techniques are presented, the relevant units, constants and parameters, (c) perform necessary calculations and data manipulations for the interpretation of results. Content: Thin layer, gas and high performance liquid chromatography. General principles of spectroscopy, vibrational and electronic types of spectroscopy. Material from this unit will be further tested in the assessment for the related semester 2 unit, Instrumental analysis 2 (PA10012). |
PA10005: Physico-chemical properties of drugs 1 |
| Credits: 3 |
| Level: Certificate |
| Semester: 1 |
| Assessment: EX100 |
| Requisites: |
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Aims & Learning Objectives: In conjunction with Physico-chemical properties of drugs 2, to introduce students to the physico-chemical characteristics of drugs and allied entities. To explain how these are relevant to their in vivo actions, their analytical quantification in medicines and biological fluids and in the design of medicinal products. To provide a practical training in measurement of physico-chemical characteristics. After taking the unit, the student should be able to: a) correctly derive formulation masses and concentrations, b) demonstrate an understanding of the differences and similarities in real and ideal behaviour of drugs and, when the two can be approximated, c) demonstrate a sound appreciation of the solution properties of drugs and the impact of pH and other vehicle variants on their values, and d) demonstrate an understanding of the processes of passive drug transport and the role of solution thermodynamics in pharmaceutical science. Content: Ideal and real behaviour of drugs in the gaseous, liquid and solid state. Gas-liquid equilibria. Drug polarity and functional group effects. Crystal structure and polymorphism. Solvents and solute-solvent interactions. Concepts of activity, pH and its determination, pKw. Acid-base equilibria, pH/drug dissociation profiles, buffers. |
PA10006: Study skills & computer use |
| Credits: 3 |
| Level: Certificate |
| Semester: 1 |
| Assessment: CW50ES50 |
| Requisites: |
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Aims & Learning Objectives: Develop understanding of personal development planning and continuing professional development. Encourage awareness of information facilities for self-guided study. After taking this unit, the student should be able to take effective notes, be able to use the library and appropriate computing facilities in the University to research and to write essays in scientific style, and be able to understand basic statistical distributions and to summarise data. Content: Key skills including effective study and note taking. Continuing professional development. Introduction to University computer facilities. The PC environment. Use of electronic communications, the library and bibliographic searches. Basic word-processing and spreadsheet use. Statistical distributions, calculation of mean, median, variance, regression. Use of statistical software. Directed essay writing. |
PA10007: Introduction to analysis & measurement |
| Credits: 3 |
| Level: Certificate |
| Semester: 1 |
| Assessment: PR100 |
| Requisites: |
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Aims & Learning Objectives: To introduce the student to the role of analysis in the pharmaceutical sciences and to important general concepts in analysis. To make the student aware of safe laboratory conduct and familiar with basic manipulative skills using volumetric analysis as the major vehicle. To familiarise the student with the various types of titrimetric methods and their application to the analysis of pharmaceuticals. After taking this course the student should be able to: (a) work safely in a chemistry laboratory, (b) weigh out chemicals and prepare solutions of appropriate concentrations and interconvert between different units of concentration, (c) perform a volumetric analysis accurately (d) write a simple report of a titrimetric analysis, and (e) demonstrate an understanding of the application of titrimetric methods to pharmaceutical analysis. Content: Analytical techniques in Pharmacy. The concept of quantitative analysis based upon a procedure having a response which is linear with respect to concentration. Accuracy, precision, sensitivity and sources of error. Weighing, use of volumetric glassware, burettes, pipettes and Gilson pipettes in the preparation of solutions and dilutions. Chemical bases of volumetric analyses. Use of titrimetric methods for the analysis of pharmaceutical materials. |
PA10008: Medicinal & biological chemistry 2 |
| Credits: 6 |
| Level: Certificate |
| Semester: 2 |
| Assessment: EX100 |
| Requisites: |
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Aims & Learning Objectives: The unit aims to introduce the student to: a) the fundamental structure and biological function of amino acids and peptides and relate enzyme catalysed processes to organic reaction mechanisms seen in semester 1; b) the structure and reactions of naturally occurring carbohydrates and polysaccarides; c) the structure and reactivity of lipids and nucleic acid components; d) the concepts of aromaticity in organic molecules and relate this to their chemical behaviour and biological properties. After taking this unit, the student should be able to: a) outline the role of amino acids as precursors of the biogenic amines; b) demonstrate an understanding of how and why biological macromolecules adopt and maintain their in vivo structures; c) discuss an enzyme's action on its substrate in terms of electrophilic and nucleophilic reaction mechanisms; d) identify important aromatic reactions and show how aromatic nuclei contribute towards drug action. Content: Topics include the structure classification biosynthetic origins and biochemical roles of amino acids. The nature of the peptide bond and the nature of the forces which maintain primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins. The structure of the monosaccarides. The role of the glycosidic bond in polysaccaride formation and the biological role of these molecules. Aromatic compounds, the nature of aromaticity and the occurrence and role of aromatic nuclei in drug molecules. |
PA10009: Medicinal & biological chemistry 3 (Spectra & structures) |
| Credits: 3 |
| Level: Certificate |
| Semester: 2 |
| Assessment: EX80CW20 |
| Requisites: |
| Aims & Learning Objectives: To develop the student's understanding of the chemistry of heterocyclic compounds. To introduce the student to the use of spectroscopic data in organic chemical structure elucidation. After completing this unit the student should be able to use proton NMR, MS and IR spectra to determine the chemical structure of simple organic compounds. Content: The lecture course and workshop sessions in spectroscopy provide an introduction to nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry and demonstrate how these techniques, along with infra-red spectra, can give access to molecular structure of organic compounds. The lecture course on heterocycles examines the concepts of aromaticity in such compounds, building on ideas in PA10008, and surveys a number of medicinally important polycyclic and heterocyclic structures. |
PA10010: Physiology, pathology & pharmacology 2 (General pharmacology) |
| Credits: 6 |
| Level: Certificate |
| Semester: 2 |
| Assessment: EX100 |
| Requisites: |
| Before taking this unit you must take XX10045 |
| Aims & Learning Objectives: To introduce the student to general aspects of pharmacology and receptor theory. After completing this unit, the student should be able to demonstrate an understanding of (a) the principles underlying the fate of a drug molecule following administration, and (b) the concept of a receptor as defined by classical pharmacological means. Content: Routes of drug administration, drug absorption and distribution, An introduction to drug metabolism and excretion, pharmacokinetics and drug interactions; Receptor theory, agonists, antagonists, measurements of potency, pA2; Examples of the above taken from blood and respiratory pharmacology. |
PA10011: Cell biology 2 (Introduction to biochemistry) |
| Credits: 6 |
| Level: Certificate |
| Semester: 2 |
| Assessment: EX100 |
| Requisites: |
| Before taking this unit you must take PA10003 |
| Aims & Learning Objectives: To familiarise the student with the biochemistry of protein function, energy metabolism, DNA replication, transcription and translation, and to introduce basic concepts of recombinant DNA technology. To introduce practical techniques related to protein determination and enzyme activity. After taking this unit, the student should be able to demonstrate an understanding of fundamental biochemical processes sufficient to enter further units in cell biology, microbiology and pharmacology. Content: Protein function, reactive groups, enzymes, allostery, protein fractionation and analysis. Energy metabolism, carbohydrate and fatty acid oxidation. DNA replication, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis. Introduction to recombinant DNA techniques. |
PA10012: Instrumental analysis 2 |
| Credits: 3 |
| Level: Certificate |
| Semester: 2 |
| Assessment: EX50PR50 |
| Requisites: |
| Before taking this unit you must take PA10004 |
| Aims & Learning Objectives: To give the student practical experience of using a variety of analytical instruments in exploring selected pharmaceutical applications. To develop the student's ability to draw appropriate conclusions from experimental data. After taking this unit, the student should be able to: (a) follow written and verbal instructions in using simple analytical instruments; (b) demonstrate a familiarity with the forms in which data are presented, the relevant units, constants and parameters; (c) perform necessary calculations and data manipulations for the interpretation of results; (d) draw appropriate conclusions on the basis of experimental data. Content: Thin layer, gas and high performance liquid chromatography, vibrational and electronic types of spectroscopy. |
PA10013: Physico-chemical properties of drugs 2 |
| Credits: 3 |
| Level: Certificate |
| Semester: 2 |
| Assessment: EX100 |
| Requisites: |
| Aims & Learning Objectives: In conjunction with Physico-chemical properties of drugs 1, to introduce students to the physico-chemical characteristics of drugs and allied entities. To explain how these are relevant to their in vivo actions, their analytical quantification in medicines and biological fluids and in the design of medicinal products. To provide a practical training in measurement of physico-chemical characteristics. After taking the unit, the student should be able to: a) correctly derive formulation masses and concentrations; b) demonstrate an understanding of the differences and similarities in real and ideal behaviour of drugs and when the two can be approximated; c) demonstrate a sound appreciation of the solution properties of drugs and the impact of pH and other vehicle variants on their values; and d) demonstrate an understanding of the processes of passive drug transport and the role of solution thermodynamics in pharmaceutical science. Content: Buffer calculations. Drug solubility in aqueous solution, influence of pH, ionic strength and ion pairing. Partitioning, effects of molecular structure and pH. Diffusion and permeation. Introduction to solution thermodynamics. The 1 hour examination for this unit includes material covered in Physico-chemical properties of drugs 1 (PA10005). |
PA10014: The role of the pharmacist |
| Credits: 3 |
| Level: Certificate |
| Semester: 2 |
| Assessment: ES100 |
| Requisites: |
| Aims & Learning Objectives: To introduce the varied opportunities for practice within the profession of Pharmacy and to explore the contribution of these diverse roles to healthcare; to increase your awareness of the importance of good communication with patients and other health-care professionals; to provide you with an overview of the role of the pharmacist in patient care and as a member of the healthcare team; to orientate you towards the profession of pharmacy in Year 1, so providing you with a good appreciation of the relevance of the early units in foundation science to the remainder of the course and to Pharmacy Practice. On completing the unit, you will be able to: demonstrate a knowledge of the diverse roles of the pharmacist and the ways in which the pharmacist interacts with other health professionals and with patients; appreciate the knowledge base, particularly in pharmaceutical sciences, required to contribute to different areas of practice; recognise the need for good communication skills in pharmacy practice. Content: The history of pharmacy and the historical development of the role of the pharmacist. The roles of the present day pharmacist. The interaction between the pharmacist and other health professionals. Communication with patients; patients' expectations of pharmaceutical services. |
PA10044: Measurement in pharmacology |
| Credits: 3 |
| Level: Certificate |
| Semester: 1 |
| Assessment: CW50PR50 |
| Requisites: |
| Aims & Learning Objectives: Understanding of the principles of measurement required in experimental pharmacology. Basic techniques and recording equipment; molarities; dose-response curves using in vitro preparations. |
PA10045: Experimental pharmacology 1 |
| Credits: 6 |
| Level: Certificate |
| Semester: 2 |
| Assessment: ES50CW25OR25 |
| Requisites: |
| Aims & Learning Objectives: The unit builds on the basic physiology overview given in XX10045, and in particular aims to provide the student with a greater appreciation of the integrated systems regulating major physiological processes in the human body. The unit also introduces the practical use of literature searches on a selected topic, and the organisation of such material into an individual essay and a group-based oral presentation. On completing this unit, the student should be able to demonstrate knowledge of physiological control of major body systems, and to present related material in both written and oral forms. Content: Regulation of major physiological systems: cardiovascular, renal and respiratory will be used as examples of whole body regulation. Selection of a major theme e.g. cancer which allows a variety of aspects to be researched by small groups and then presented orally to obtain an integrated picture of the theme. Individual literature searches and presentation of acquired information in the form of an essay written under timed conditions. |
PA20015: Medicinal chemistry & advanced spectroscopic methods for structure elucidation. |
| Credits: 3 |
| Level: Intermediate |
| Semester: 1 |
| Assessment: CW50ES50 |
| Requisites: |
| Aims & Learning Objectives: To develop the student's understanding of biological chemistry at a molecular level particularly with respect to structure-activity relationships and drug metabolism. The use of advanced spectroscopic techniques in chemical structure elucidation. After completing this unit the student should be able to: (a) demonstrate an outline understanding of structure-activity relationships, (b) examine proton and carbon 13 NMR, MS and IR spectroscopic data in order to elucidate chemical structures of unknown compounds; (c) demonstrate an understanding of drug metabolism. Content: Advanced and Multinuclear NMR techniques. Problem solving workshops using an integrated approach to spectroscopic structure elucidation. Introduction to drug metabolism. |
PA20016: Physiology, pathology & pharmacology 3 (Cardiovascular, renal & peripheral nervous system pharmacol) |
| Credits: 6 |
| Level: Intermediate |
| Semester: 1 |
| Assessment: EX100 |
| Requisites: |
| Aims & Learning Objectives: To develop an understanding of the action of drugs on the peripheral nervous system, renal and cardiovascular systems. After taking this course, the student will demonstrate an understanding of the chosen topics. Content: Understanding the action of drugs in the peripheral nervous system, kidney and cardiovascular systems. Physiology, pathology and pharmacology of these systems. |
PA20017: Cell biology 3 (Receptors, signal transduction pathways & gene regulation) |
| Credits: 3 |
| Level: Intermediate |
| Semester: 1 |
| Assessment: EX100 |
| Requisites: |
| Aims & Learning Objectives: To familiarise the student with the major families of receptors associated with eucaryotic cells. To introduce the components of intracellular signalling pathways from the recrptor to the cell nucleus, and to illustrate the role of these systems in regulating normal gene expression and the development of cancer. After taking this unit, the student will demonstrate an understanding of the chosen topics. Content: Membranes and the cytoskeleton. Receptor families, second messenger systems, Ser and Tyr protein kinases and their phosphorylation targets. Impact of signalling pathways on nuclear events, including regulation of gene expression through transcription factors. Proto-oncogenes, oncogenes and the control of cell growth. |
PA20018: Medicines design 1 (Preformulation & introduction to formulation) |
| Credits: 6 |
| Level: Intermediate |
| Semester: 1 |
| Assessment: PR100 |
| Requisites: |
| Aims & Learning Objectives: The unit aims to introduce the principles involved in the formulation of medicinal products, and present the physical and chemical basis for formulation choices. By the end of the unit, students should be able to make initial rational choices about formulation decisions. Content: Routes and mechanisms of drug absorption, influence of drug physico-chemical processes. Introduction to dosage forms and routes of administration. Surface phenomena. Particle sizing and micromeritics. Bulk properties of particles. Thermal analysis of materials and use of these techniques in preformulation. The chemistry of polymers, their physical properties and their uses in formulation. Rheology of pharmaceutical materials: liquids, solids and semi-solids; their characterisation and properties. The stability of prepared pharmaceuticals. |
PA20019: Statistics for pharmacists & pharmacologists |
| Credits: 3 |
| Level: Intermediate |
| Semester: 1 |
| Assessment: CW100 |
| Requisites: |
| Aims & Learning Objectives: To equip students with statistical techniques appropriate to the analysis of biomedical data. Content: Introduction to probability. Use of statistical software. Comparing two groups. Data transformations. Student's t- and non-parametric methods. Analysis of variance, multiple comparisons. Correlation, contingency tables. |
PA20020: Medical microbiology |
| Credits: 3 |
| Level: Intermediate |
| Semester: 1 |
| Assessment: EX100 |
| Requisites: |
| Aims & Learning Objectives: To understand the pathogenic mechanisms of infectious disease and the human host response to infection. At the completion of this unit, the student should be able to describe the innate human host defence mechanisms and provide examples of micro-organisms comprising the normal flora. They should demonstrate understanding of the key features required by micro-organisms to cause human disease and to evade human defences, and appreciate how the relevant prominence of virulence determinants contributes to the type of disease caused. Content: This course introduces the concept of how micro-organisms cause infectious disease. It outlines the general defence mechanisms of the human body against infection and the ways in which micro-organisms defeat these systems. A number of paradigms of infectious diseases will be used to illustrate the critical stages of pathogenesis, namely adhesion, replication, evasion of host defences and damage to the host. |
PA20021: Applied pharmaceutical analysis 1 (Simple applications & written reports) |
| Credits: 3 |
| Level: Intermediate |
| Semester: 1 |
| Assessment: PR80CW20 |
| Requisites: |
| Aims & Learning Objectives: To develop the student's understanding of sample preparation for analytical procedures and of advanced chromatographic techniques. The selection and use of analytical techniques for solving analytical problems and the presentation of results as a formal written report. After completing this unit, the student should be able to apply appropriate chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques to simple pharmaceutical problems, report the results in a scientific manner and draw valid conclusions. Content: Sample preparation for analysis; advanced chromatographic methods. Problem solving workshops in chromatography. Radiochemical calculations. Open-ended problem solving practical mini-project utilising chromatographic, spectroscopic, volumetric or potentiometric methods. |
PA20022: Biosynthetic sources of pharmaceutical materials (medicinal & biological chemistry 5) |
| Credits: 3 |
| Level: Intermediate |
| Semester: 2 |
| Assessment: EX90PR10 |
| Requisites: |
| Aims & Learning Objectives: To develop the student's understanding of biosynthetic sources of pharmaceutical materials. To show how advanced spectroscopic techniques can be used to obtain stereochemical information for drugs and natural products, including delineation of their biosynthetic pathways. After completing this unit the student should be able to: a) demonstrate an awareness of natural sources of pharmaceutical materials; b) demonstrate an outline understanding (at the level of chemical structures and mechanisms) of major pathways of biosynthesis; c) demonstrate an understanding of the value of MS, IR, proton and carbon 13 NMR spectroscopic data in stereochemical, conformational and biosynthetic analyses; d) follow biosynthetic pathways mechanistically. Content: The topics included in this course include plant and animal sources of pharmaceutical materials. Molecular aspects of biosynthetic pathways. Problem solving workshops on the use of advanced spectroscopic techniques for stereochemical analysis. |
PA20023: Physiology, pathology & pharmacology 4 (Pharmacology of the central nervous system) |
| Credits: 6 |
| Level: Intermediate |
| Semester: 2 |
| Assessment: EX100 |
| Requisites: |
| Aims & Learning Objectives: An understanding of drugs affecting the brain and spinal cord. Content: Physiology, pathology and pharmacology of the brain and spinal cord. |
PA20024: Medicines design 2 (Applied pharmaceutical microbiology) |
| Credits: 6 |
| Level: Intermediate |
| Semester: 2 |
| Assessment: EX100 |
| Requisites: |
| Aims & Learning Objectives: To introduce the principles of control of microbial contamination and sterilisation as applied to pharmaceutical products. After taking this unit, the student should be able to demonstrate an understanding of, a) the microbiological and physico-chemical properties of non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents and their use in pharmaceutical formulation and, b) the principles and the technology of the various methods of sterilising pharmaceutical products and the associated procedures concerned with quality assurance. Content: Sources of microbial contamination. Kinetics of microbial inactivation and the construction and interpretation of survivor curves. Disinfectants, antiseptics and preservatives; their modes of action, assessment of efficacy and formulation parameters. Introduction to sterilisation methods; comparative advantages and disadvantages of heat, irradiation, gaseous and filtration methods. Validation of all methods. Pyrogens. Sterility testing. Facility Design. |
PA20025: Pharmacy practice 1 |
| Credits: 12 |
| Level: Intermediate |
| Semester: 2 |
| Assessment: EX50PR50 |
| Requisites: |
| Aims & Learning Objectives: Aims: a) to provide an introduction to pharmacy law, ethics and codes of professional practice; b) to introduce elements of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics relevant to the practice of pharmacy; c) to develop students' problem solving skills and enable them to apply knowledge from Pharmacy Practice, PPP and Medicines Design Units to patient problem scenarios which are relevant to the supply of medicines, provision of drug and patient information and responding to symptoms in the pharmacy; d) to provide an introduction to practical procedures and techniques employed in pharmacy practice; e) to provide an introduction to the use of information technology in pharmacy and health care; f) to introduce the principles of methodologies of behavioural science relevant to pharmacy, including the theory of personal and inter-personal skills; g) to develop further students' communication skills appropriate to professional interactions, patient counselling and responding to problems. Objectives: At the end of this unit the student should be able: 1) to demonstrate and apply knowledge of pharmacy law, ethics and practice; 2) to demonstrate and apply knowledge of PPP, clinical pharmacy and therapeutics; 3) to identify patient and prescription problems and advise suitable solutions; 4) to dispense medication and complete any necessary administration; 5) to use computers; 6) to demonstrate and apply knowledge of the social science perspective applied to pharmacy practice; 7) to communicate with other health care professionals and with patients. Content: Legislation: Introduction to the structure of British Legislation. The Medicines Act (1968). The Misuse of Drugs Act (1971). Legislation controlling Health Care Professionals. Labelling of Medicines. Legislation controlling poisons and dangerous substances. PCCAL workshops on Medicines Act & Misuse of Drugs Act Pharmacy Practice: Principles of Good Dispensing Practice. Pharmacist's liabilities and responsibilities. Introduction to the supply of medicines. The Drug Tariff. Patients' Medication Records. Hospital Case Notes. Posology. Pharmaceutical services to residential and nursing homes. Responding to symptoms. PCCAL workshop on Prescription Problems Clinical Pharmacy: Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy. Evidence Based practice. Care Pathways. Laboratory & Biochemical Testing. Behavioural sciences: Introduction to Behavioural Science relating to the Practice of Pharmacy. Interpersonal skills. Patient Compliance. Workshops on Responding to Symptoms. |
PA20046: Experimental pharmacology 2 |
| Credits: 6 |
| Level: Intermediate |
| Semester: 1 |
| Assessment: CW100 |
| Requisites: |
| Aims & Learning Objectives: To introduce the student to the pharmacology of the different divisions of the nervous system, the kidney and cardiovascular system. Content: Neuromuscular transmission and blocking agents, parasympathetic nerves, cholinergic receptors, ganglion blocking drugs and muscarinic receptor antagonists, sympathetic neurotransmission, adrenoceptors and ion channels in nerves and smooth muscle. Actions of diuretics on urinary ionic composition, inotropic and chronotropic effects of drugs on cardiac preparations, mechanisms involved in control of blood vessel diameter. |
PA20047: Experimental pharmacology 3 |
| Credits: 18 |
| Level: Intermediate |
| Semester: 2 |